Which symptoms can be associated with carcinoid syndrome?

Carcinoid syndrome is a group of symptoms that arise due to the secretion of serotonin and other vasoactive substances from carcinoid tumors, which are neuroendocrine tumors usually found in the gastrointestinal tract. The hallmark symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome include diarrhea and flushing.

Diarrhea in carcinoid syndrome occurs as a result of increased serotonin levels, which accelerates gut motility and leads to changes in the absorption of water and electrolytes. Flushing occurs due to the release of vasoactive substances that cause vasodilation and increased blood flow to the skin, typically noted on the face or upper body.

Other symptoms that can be associated with carcinoid syndrome may include wheezing, tachycardia, and valvular heart disease (particularly right-sided heart lesions). However, the primary and most recognized symptoms are indeed diarrhea and flushing, making this the correct choice.

The other options presented do not align with the typical manifestation of carcinoid syndrome. Weight gain and insomnia could be reflective of other metabolic or psychiatric disorders but do not fit within the syndrome's symptom profile. Jaundice and fever are more indicative of liver pathology or infections rather than carcinoid syndrome. Lastly, constipation and abdominal pain might