What type of virus is responsible for Ramsay Hunt syndrome?

Ramsay Hunt syndrome is primarily caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is the same virus that causes chickenpox and shingles. This syndrome is characterized by facial paralysis and a painful rash in the ear or mouth, often accompanied by other neurological symptoms. VZV can remain dormant in the sensory ganglia after the initial chickenpox infection and can reactivate later in life, particularly in individuals who are older or have a weakened immune system.

The facial paralysis in Ramsay Hunt syndrome occurs due to involvement of the geniculate ganglion, which houses the facial nerve. Factors such as stress, aging, and immunosuppression can precipitate the reactivation of VZV. The association of VZV with both cutaneous lesions and facial nerve involvement is what distinguishes Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Other viruses listed, such as Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus, are not linked to Ramsay Hunt syndrome in the same way. While they may cause different infections or complications affecting the nervous system, they do not specifically lead to the combination of symptoms characteristic of Ramsay Hunt syndrome.